The Holy Spirit in the Gospel of John Essay Example for Free

The Holy Spirit in the Gospel of John Essay This paper will analyze the elements of the Gospel of John. Specifically, it will deal with the specific primary texts in the Gospel that deal with the Holy Spirit, and afterwards, will deal with the secondary literature on this topic. The basic argument here is that the purpose of the Sprit is to head the church and to guide the faithful to truth, avoiding heresy and schism. The Holy Spirit is the third person of the Holy Trinity: while the father is the uncreated hypostasis, he, outside of time, begets the Son, and the Holy Sprit proceeds from the father and rests in the Son. The Father is the principle of creation, the Son its Logos, its reason and interconnectedness, and it is sacralized through the church by the action of the Spirit. These are three persons to be found in a single God, a God with one nature. I. â€Å"And John bare record, saying, I saw the Spirit descending from heaven like a dove, and it abode upon him. † This is the first mention of the Spirit in John’s Gospel. He seems to ratify the baptism of Christ, showing very quickly in the first chapter that Christ is indeed God, and the Tripartite nature of the Godhead is being revealed to the world for the first time. The Spirit here acts as an autonomous entity (i. e. it is not a â€Å"part of† either the Father or the Son). Christ is to be bathed in the Spirit so as to show that He is the New Covenant: as the spirit (as yet unknown) descended upon the Ark in the Old Covenant, and rested upon Mary at the Annunciation, the Spirit again shows the divinity of the New Covenant, Christ, by descending at his baptism. In Christ’s conversation with Nikodemus, Christ speak of being born again. Making reference to the sacrament of baptism, Christ says that â€Å"unless a man be born of water and of the Spirit, he cannot enter the kingdom of God. † Just as Christ revealed Himself as the Son of God through the descent of the Spirit, so too Christians must show themselves to the world as adopted sons of God through baptism. The spirit is present in both, with Christ as the prototypical baptism. â€Å"It is the spirit that quickeneth; the flesh profiteth nothing: the words that I speak unto you, [they] are spirit, and [they] are life. † So says Christ in John 6: 63. Christ is speaking here both of the Holy Spirit, and the spiritual life of man. The Spirit is contrasted with the flesh, itself having two meanings: first, the life of the world, the world of power, of ego of sin, and hence, death. But it also refers to the passions and drives of individuals, the passions for lust greed and hatred that are the symptoms of living in a diseased world. Hence, the â€Å"Spirit,† when it is used in Scriptre, can mean one of two things: the soul of man, or the Spirit of God. These two are related in that the Spirit could not rest in something that did not have the ontological structure to receive it. In other words, man, in some fashion, has to be created in such a way so as to receive the Spirit of the father, and this is the soul, the immaterial principle of man, the form of the body, to use Aristotelian language. In John 7, Christ says: In the last day, that great [day] of the feast, Jesus stood and cried, saying, If any man thirst, let him come unto me, and drink. He that believeth on me, as the scripture hath said, out of his belly shall flow rivers of living water. (But this spake he of the Spirit, which they that believe on him should receive: for the Holy Ghost was not yet [given]; because that Jesus was not yet glorified. ) This is a complex passage dealing with the Holy Spirit. First, Christ is identifying himself with the God of the Old Testament, for he says â€Å"as the scripture has said† in reference to Himself. Of course, he’s talking about the Old Covenant. But, as is so common in the Gospel of John, Christ is making a distinction between the life of the world and the life of the Spirit. The life of the world can never provide satisfaction: actual water, or food, or any natural desire of man is only of a temporary satisfaction. Only the spirit of God can give eternal satisfaction. The fact that Christ is referring top â€Å"water† here is important. First, water is a primary component of man’s physiology. Second, water can give life, it can cleanse, it can help things grow, but it can also drown if not used properly. â€Å"Water,† while not only a natural component of man, but an important desire, is only a figure. The figure is important, but it is only the â€Å"matter. † The â€Å"form† is the Holy Spirit itself. In other words, the only proper use of water, ritualistically speaking, is when it is used for baptism, but a baptism is not such unless the water be saturated with the Holy Spirit. When a man is baptized, he is now a stream of living water: he becomes an image, an icon, of the Son, in turn the image of the father. The man becomes a Christian through baptism, this is done through faith in the Spirit under the figure of water. He becomes an icon of he Son, and he becomes a preacher of the Spirit, hence, a flowing river that cleanses all it touches. Now the comment that the Spirit was not yet given refers to Pentecost. The Spirit works in the world, He worked in the Old Testament, but He has not been given in order to create the vessel of the final revelation: the church. This was to come only after Christ is â€Å"glorified,† that is, Transfigured, Murdered and then resurrected. As Christ goes to the father, Christ will pray to the Father than the Holy Spirit be sent to the infant church at Pentecost, institutionalizing (so to speak) the final revelation in spirit and truth. â€Å"[Even] the Spirit of truth; whom the world cannot receive, because it seeth him not, neither knoweth him: but ye know him; for he dwelleth with you, and shall be in you. † This is one of the most powerful statements about the Spirit in all of Scripture. It needs to be treated in detail. First, the Spirit of Truth: the Spirit proceeds from the father and rests upon the Son, glorifying him on Tabor, and raising Him up at his Resurrection. He is the truth for no other reason than he is the love that unites the father and the son in the embrace of love and truth. The Father is the principle of creation, the Being beyond being, the ultimate unity in all things, while Christ is the Logos, the principle of reason that identifies all things as they are and interconnects them with the father and with each other. The spirit is the image of this connection: of singularity and multiplicity, image and prototype. The Spirit is the sanctifier, he shows the connection between the Father and the Son for all who believe. But just as important, the Spirit here is both the truth of nature and its relation to God as creator, but he will come to speak the truth to the church. He will guide the church in all its actions, providing a means to tell the true church from the false, the true preacher from the hireling. But that’s just the problem: the world’s authorities, the people who they worship, are in fact hirelings in their actions. The â€Å"world† here refers to the system of power, of empire and the state, the economic elitism of Israel that has rejected the prophetic equalitarian economics so important to Amos and Hosea. The world cares about passion, greed and gain, it cares about the lower passions of self-importance and the Pharaseeism of â€Å"correctness. † It cares not for truth, but only for power. Hence, when the Spirit will show Himself, only a few will be able to recognize Him. The Spirit, animating the Apostles, will preach pain and suffering: the narrow path of self-denial and martyrdom. The false preachers, the wolves among the sheep, will preach the broad path: easy and full of physical satisfaction. This passage holds that the true Church of Christ will always be small, it will not recognize the world (and vice versa) and that this Spirit, when it takes possession of a man, will re-create the remnant, the true Israelites without guile. This passage is nothing more than the preaching of the Church, its future and the means whereby it can be known. For added emphasis, Christ says this a few verses later: â€Å"But the Comforter, [which is] the Holy Ghost, whom the Father will send in my name, he shall teach you all things, and bring all things to your remembrance, whatsoever I have said unto you. † The passage above was the general idea: this is the specific application. The Spirit, here again shown as coming from the Father and not the Son (though it speaks of the Son), acts as the relation between the two: the Spirit is the relation of universal and particular: the unity of God and the incarnated Logos, the principle of logic and reason in nature, its ordered existence, including that of mankind and their relation to the creator. The father will send the â€Å"Spirit in my name,† that is, it will preach the doctrine of the Son. One mark of the true spirit is that it will never deviate from the teachings of Christ as found in the Scriptures. As the Trinity contains three persons, it has a single essence. As far as we are concerned, there is a single teaching, a single doctrine, a single nature, and hence, there can be only one Truth, only one true Church. Because of the single essence of the Trinity that is expressed in three persons, there can only be one teaching. The Spirit cannot go where the Son is not. The Sprit cannot preach any doctrine that the Son has not made manifest. And again: â€Å"But when the Comforter is come, whom I will send unto you from the Father, [even] the Spirit of truth, which proceedeth from the Father, he shall testify of me:And ye also shall bear witness, because ye have been with me from the beginning. † Here, the idea that the Son is not the ontological source of the Spirit is reiterated. The Spirit, like the Son, derives from the same source, the Being of Being, the Father. The truths above are reiterated for extra emphasis: first, that the comforter is from the Father, the Principle, that He will teach only truth, and hence, sects that do not preach Christ in the Scriptures are not grace filled, they do not have the Spirit in them. The Spirit, as far as men are concerned, is the very â€Å"content† of the Truth, or true doctrine. But as Christ has said in the last chapter, the demons are already working within the infant church, and we can interpret this with ease as that they are spreading falsehood under the name of â€Å"christ. † But in this passage, the actions of the apostles (the first bishops and leaders of the church) are given a role. The Spirit will animate them to preach and travel throughout the globe bringing Christ to the gentiles who are unspoiled by the Pharisees and their â€Å"legalism. † The Truth is an animating Sprit, it is at the root of the proper teaching of the gospel, and importantly, eliminating any heresies that are bound to develop. This passage in many ways is also a commission for the apostles to being writing down what they have witnessed. The Truth of the Spirit will be verified by the apostolic teaching in that the apostles have witnessed the preaching and actions of Jesus. Hence the witness of the apostles is central to verifying the truth as preached by their successors. Many will come claiming to have Christ or the spirit or the apostolic mandate, but it is only the witness of the apostles that serves as the benchmark for having the Spirit. This is of immense importance. In Chapter 16, Christ says: Nevertheless I tell you the truth; It is expedient for you that I go away: for if I go not away, the Comforter will not come unto you; but if I depart, I will send him unto you. And when he is come, he will reprove the world of sin, and of righteousness, and of judgment. . . .Howbeit when he, the Spirit of truth, is come, he will guide you into all truth: for he shall not speak of himself; but whatsoever he shall hear, [that] shall he speak: and he will shew you things to come. He shall glorify me: for he shall receive of mine, and shall shew [it] unto you. There is a curious connection between Christ’s leaving (so to speak), and the Spirit’s coming. Christ will leave the world bodily, but the Spirit will be sent from the father to maintain His teaching. But the spirit is seen as a successor to Christ in the flesh doing through spirit what Christ was able to do in his sinless flesh. This may be interpreted as a means of Christ saying to the apostles that what was preached in the flesh now must be acted out in spirit. Christ laid the groundwork for salvation, giving his blood and death on the cross, but now, the spirit will act as a means to assist the new covenant to preach the word as the apostles see fit under the circumstances. The Spirit is seen as having a function. First, to bring Truth to the church (and nowhere else), and, equally as important, to condemn the world. Christ will not do that, but the Spirit will. The Spirit has no room for the flesh except the life of the church, which is a spiritualized flesh, the self-denial of the narrow path. Christ’s mission will be sanctified and glorified by the action of the spirit: the spirit is not a new revelation, but will assist the church in important ways: iin doctrine, in apologetics, in spiritual approach and the very construction of the Scriptures, which are spirit filled. The spirit will not offer new doctrine, but will complete what Christ has started by bringing his teaching to the world and to generations to come. The fulfillment of this promise will occur at Pentecost, but a foretaste of this occurrence can be found in John 20, where Christ imparts the Spirit to the apostles in the upper room: â€Å"And when he had said this, he breathed on [them], and saith unto them, Receive ye the Holy Ghost. Whose soever sins ye remit, they are remitted unto them; [and] whose soever [sins] ye retain, they are retained. † This is the final mention of the Spirit in John’s gospel. It is important because it includes the apostolic mandate to forgive sins. The Spirit will be the action that forgive sins, so to speak â€Å"applying† the blood of Christ to those who seek forgiveness. The apostles will receive the spirit, and the first thing that is said once this is done is that they are to forgive sins with this new power. But, as hinted above, the judgement is up to the church, the church founded on the scriptures by the apostles: the apostles can withhold the spirit if the person in question does not seem properly disposed to receive it. The church is given a mandate that it can forgive sins through the imparting of the spirit, but that the church is able to give the judgement as to how, when and where this is to be used. This is the issue: Christ will not be among them any more, they will no longer be pupils, but masters of the spirit. They are now called upon to make a judgement as to the use of this gift, and this is the role of the church in the day to day life of the community of Christ.

Translation And Interpretation

Translation And Interpretation Introduction The world has become like a global village as the systems of communication and information technology are developing and becoming more sophisticated .In the process of such rapid exchange of information and for the purpose of improving cultural contacts, one thing is inevitable, and that is translating. This is why there is need for competent translators who not only posses language proficiency but also general knowledge of the source culture and the intricate meanings of the many cultural references that may be of significance in one culture and not in another. Today many idiomatic expressions are found in the business domain. Examples such as: The economy went into a free fall, Obama is seeking to stake out and the solution will cut both ways are all found in various articles in Newsweek (a reputable magazine, widely and internationally distributed around the world and officially translated into Arabic.)One common characteristic associated with idioms used in the business and/or an y other domain is that their meaning can not be inferred from the individual words that constitute them. Although idioms have been connected to informal language and tabloid newspapers, however there is much evidence in the Bank of English that states they are also commonly used in magazines and journals where writers seek to give their articles a more vivid and effective effect on the reader Minugh (2000).It is also stated in the same source that most politicians and journalists use idioms as briefer way to express and convey opinions and ready made evaluations. Translation students in general and specifically the ones who major in Business Translation are assumed to have general knowledge of all language intricacies. For this, knowledge of idiomatic expressions, which constitute today an integral part of the language used in business conferences, debates and meetings, in addition to their use in a variation of magazine and newspaper articles of which there is a great chance that t hey may be asked to translate, is one of the essential requirements of the competent translator. Statement of the problem In principal translating from one language into another is not an easy task, but when the translation occurs between two distinct languages such as English and Arabic the task is aggravated. One of the more prominent translation problems occurs when the translator encounters idioms or culturally bound expressions. Idioms pose a great challenge for translation students as they are bound to the cultural identities and history of any nation; therefore it is assumed that if such culturally bound expressions were introduced to the students through authentic contexts relevant to their field of speciality and considered as an integral part of their educational program, the students will be given insight into the culture, history ,traditions ,values and morals reflected through the language of that nation.While many researches investigated the difficulties linked to the translation of idiomatic expressions by non-native speakers, the majority of these researches and studies have focused, gen erally, on the different theories of idiom comprehension Bortfeld (1998/2002.), and Bortfeld Brennan (1997). There exists ,however, a small body of academic literature which focuses on the study of idiomatic expressions occurring in the business domain ,specifically in journalism,(magazines and newspapers)and their effects and implications on both readers and learners Ulland(1997) .This research aims to contribute to the afore mentioned literature by making a case for the translation of idioms, occurring in business magazine articles, by MA students in their final academic semester at the Academy Of Post Graduate studies/Tripoli to find out what strategies and techniques they are using in contrast with the translation strategies they were taught in their study of translation and with reference to Bakers(1992)strategies .The research also aims at identifying the problems they encounter in the process of translating idioms from English to Arabic. Due to time and space limitation it is not possible to collect all the used idioms and the study will focus on one specific magazine (Newsweek). Significance of the study The translation section in the Academy of Postgraduate Studies has two majors: Translation Interpreting and Business Translation. The latter was introduced three years ago .Translation students majoring in the business translation MA programme are likely to work as translators in companies, agencies, media or as teachers. In fact they may already be in one of the aforesaid posts. They may be asked to translate or even interpret in a meeting where the lingua franca is English (SL) and the (TL) is Arabic, and as mentioned before idioms today are used and can be encountered in a wide range of texts ranging from economic ,financial, administrative, political ,advertising and many others .A competent translator has to have knowledge of all the intricate features of the language they are translating from as well as being competent in their own native language to be able to convey the meaning accurately. This study aims at shedding the light on the importance of learning and comprehension o f idiomatic expressions in the field of business, it will also serve a dual purpose of testing the implementation of previously taught translation strategies to the translation of business idioms as well as offering reference material for further relevant researches to be used as a good ground for their knowledge reservoir. Research questions The researcher would like to address the following questions throughout the process of the study: Are students familiar with the idiomatic expressions encountered in the business field? Which strategies are used by MA students in the translation of idioms with reference to Bakers strategies? To what extent do the students find the available reference tools (dictionaries/internet) helpful and/or useful? Research Hypotheses The researcher hypothesizes the following: H1-MA students in their final semester at the Academy of Postgraduate Studies are not familiar with business idiomatic expressions; therefore, they will not produce accurate translations. H2-Omission or literal translation will most likely be used in the translation of the idioms. H3-The available reference tools are insufficient in aiding the students with their translations. Research Objectives : Expounding on the objectives of using idioms in various business field domains to enhance teachers and students awareness of the importance of teaching and learning such expressions as an integral part of language education and translators language proficiency. Evaluating the implementation of the strategies taught to the students during the course of their MA studies specifically referring to Bakers strategy in order to identify students problems in the application of translation strategies and consequently find solutions and suggest recommendations. Since business translation is a new domain for MA students this research may pave the way for further investigations in the area of idiomatic expressions, for example a comparative study of the use of idioms. in Arabic versus English language may be conducted. Methodology: Multi-word combinations are so numerous in the English language; they are characterized by carrying meanings that can not easily be deduced from knowledge of normal intrinsic meanings of words. General knowledge and competency in L2 would still not help a nonnative speaker to elicit the meaning of word combinations such as: fall flat, thin on the ground or lay something at somebodys door; because the individual words do not give a clear cue as to the intended meaning. To the best of my knowledge, a great number of researchers and previous studies tackled the problem of translating idiomatic expressions in general English, but not in specialized fields such as the use of idioms in the business field; business documents, newspapers, magazine articles.etc. It is worth noting that over the years idioms have entered the English language from the world of sports, for example slam dunk: great success, to classical literature, the goose that laid the golden egg and science technology;you ne ed to recharge your batteries and, they are on the same wave length. Today many idiomatic expressions are found in the business domain, for example: to throw money at a problem, call the shots, do a roaring trade and join the rat race. My objectives regarding this topic is twofold .First, to prove that today such idiomatic expressions constitute a high proportion in well reputed newspapers(Guardian) and magazines(Newsweek),and occur in major domains such as : politics ,economics ,art Hans(2007)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ unlike what Baker(1992) states English uses idioms in many types of text,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..Their use in quality press news reports is limited ,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.in English advertisement, promotional material, and in the tabloid press Nippold(1991)emphasizes the challenges involved in the learning and mastering of idioms and states that nevertheless every learner must be prepared to meet the challenge simply because idioms occur so frequently in the spoken and written English Second, to discuss the role of context in idiom comprehension and the strategies used by Libyan novice translators in translating business idioms with reference to Bakers strategies(1992) in order to elicit the most applicable technique .Fina lly, concluding by making suggestions about teaching and learning strategies to encounter the problems related to translating idiomatic expressions (focusing on business idioms).I have used data from Newsweek magazine, and I also conducted an experiment test including 20 business idioms which were given to final semester masters students at the Academy of Graduate Studies. The students were divided into two groups A/B; the first group was given idioms in context and the second group was given the idioms as single unit expressions. They were all asked to translate the idioms and then answer four questions at the end. The questions were related to three sub-hypotheses:1-most of the students are not familiar with business idioms.2- Students have to be competent in both L1 and L2 to be able to benefit from bilingual dictionaries.3-Novice translators realize that it is important for them to learn and be trained to comprehend idioms because of the functional role they play in language com munication. As mentioned earlier, the whole world is undergoing complex changes in different areas such as technology and education. These changes necessarily have an important bearing on systems of higher education, including translator training programs.

Calculation of Body Surface Area (BSA) for Blood Volume

Calculation of Body Surface Area (BSA) for Blood Volume CHAPTER 25 Calculation of Body Surface Area, Circulating Blood Volume,  Requirement of Blood Products Namita Mishra, Sudha Rawat, Vishva Nath Sharma BODY SURFACE AREA (BSA) Body surface area (BSA) is the area of the external surface of the body, expressed in square meters (m2). In physiology and medicine, the body surface area is the measured or calculated surface of human body. It is used to calculate metabolic, electrolyte, nutritional requirements, drug dosage, and expected pulmonary function measurements. BSA is a measurement used in many medical tasks. For many clinical purposes BSA is a better indicator of metabolic mass than body weight because it is less affected by abnormal adipose mass. Nevertheless, there have been several important critiques of the use of BSA in determining the dosage of medications with a narrow  therapeutic index  like many chemotherapy medications. USES OF THE BSA To gain an appreciation of the true required glomerular filtration rate (GFR) renal clearance is usually divided by the BSA. To calculate a better approximation of the required cardiac output as for example in children, cardiac index is used. Cardiac output = Cardiac Index / BSA Chemotherapy is often dosed according to the patient’s BSA. Glucocorticoid dosing is also expressed in terms of BSA for calculating maintenance doses or to compare high dose use with maintenance requirement. CALCULATION OF BSA It is difficult to actually measure the surface area of the human body so various calculations have been published to arrive at the BSA without direct measurement. The most widely used is the Du Bois formula: BSA = 0.007184 X W0.425 X H0.725 A commonly used and simple one is the Mosteller formula: 0R BSA = ( [ H X W]/ 3600)1/2 Where H = Height W = weight for example : Patient’s weight = 65 Kg Patient’s height = 165 cm BSA = ([65 X 165])/3600)1/2 BSA= 1.72 m2 Recently, a weight-based formula was validated in the pediatric age group that does not include a square root, making it easier to use. It is [4Wkg+7]/[90+Wkg]. AVERAGE VALUES Average BSA for various weights: WEIGHT (Kg) BSA (m2) 1.5 4 0.13 – 0.26 4.1 – 9 0.26 – 0.48 9.1 – 14 0.48 – 0.56 14.1 – 20 0.56 – 0.71 20.1 – 26 0.71 – 0.84 26.1 34 0.84 – 1.0 34.1 – 50 1.0 – 1.4 50.1 66 1.4 – 1.63 Over 66.1 Over 1.63 EFFECTIVE CIRCULATING VOLUME Blood volume is the volume of blood (both red blood cells and plasma) in the circulatory system of any individual. A typical adult has a blood volume of approximately between 4.7 and 5 liters, with females generally having less blood volume than males. Blood volume (BV) can be calculated given the hematocrit (HCT; the fraction of blood that is red blood cells) and plasma volume (PV): BV = PV/ (1-HCT) Diagnostic technologies are commercially available to measure human blood volume. A recent radio nucleotide study called BVA (Blood Volume Analysis)-100, provides a measure of Red Blood Cells and Plasma with 98% accuracy. BLOOD VOLUME ESTIMATION WEIGHT (kg) BLOOD VOLUME ( ml/kg) New born to 10 85 11 to 20 80 21 to 30 75 31 to 40 70 Above 40 65 CIRCULATING VOLUME OF THE CPB CIRCUIT PRIMING VOLUME: the minimum amount of fluid (hemic or non hemic fluid) used to de- air the complete cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) circuit is called priming volume or the circulating volume of CPB circuit. Priming of the CPB circuit is an important task for the perfusionist. Generally the main objectives of priming are: To deair the CPB circuit To check for any leaks in the circuit To check for any mistake in the assembling of the circuit To meet the need for the extra volume required to prime the CPB circuit as the patient’s blood volume is not sufficient enough to prime the CPB circuit. For achieving sufficient hemodilution. It is a standard practice to use a non blood CPB prime because of the benefits of hemodilution and concerns about blood borne diseases. The total priming volume is determined by the hardware selected for the circuit to be employed. Following are the tables showing the volume required to de-air various oxygenators, arterial filters and tubing. CPB CIRCUIT AND TOTAL PRIMING VOLUME WITH VARIOUS WEIGHT GROUP Weight Group (Kg) Boot Size (inches) Venous line Size (inches) Arterial line Size (inches) Total Priming Volume (ml) 0-4 1/4 1/4 1/4 450 4.1-8 3/8 1/4 1/4 600 8-12 3/8 3/8 1/4 800 12.1-25 3/8 3/8 3/8 1100 >25 1/2 1/2 3/8 1800 TUBING SIZE WITH VOLUME (ml/feet) SIZE (inch) VOLUME (ml/feet) 3/32† 1.8 1/8† 2.5 3/16† 5 1/4† 9.65 3/8† 21.7 1/2† 38.6 SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONS: In cases where patient is deeply cyanotic the size of the oxygenator and tubing size is selected keeping in mind the requirement of higher degree of hemodilution and higher requirement of arterial blood flows because of the presence of large (or major) aorto-pulmonary collaterals (MAPCA’s). MAPCAs arise from the aorta or its large branches and supply blood to the pulmonary arteries, because of blockade of the main pulmonary arteries. These MAPCAs ‘steal’ part of the cardiac output of the aorta and this results in reduced systemic perfusion and thus increased pump flows are required during CPB in cyanosed patients with MAPCAs to compensate for this ‘stolen’ cardiac output. CACULATION OF BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCT REQUIREMENT The hematocrit (HCT), also known as packed cell volume (PCV) or erythrocyte volume fraction (EVF) is the volume percentage (%) of red blood cells in blood. It is normally about 45% for men and 40% for women. It is considered an integral part of a person’s complete blood count along with hemoglobin concentration, white blood cell count, and platelet count. Haemoglobin concentration is reduced as a normal consequence of CPB with hemodilution. Thus the hematocrit that will result from the hemodilution caused due to priming volume of the CPB circuit should be determined. Several calculations are required to assess hemodilution and blood product requirements. To determine the effects of hemodilution, the volume concentration formula is used. C1 X Pt BV = C2 X TVon CPB Where Pt BV = patient’s blood volume ( patient’s body weight X blood volume factor) TVon CPB = total volume on CPB (total priming volume + patient’s total blood volume) C1 = Pre bypass hematocrit of the patient (%) C2 = calculated hemodilutional hematocrit (%) A decision must be made initially regarding the desired hematocrit during cardiopulmonary bypass. Based on the results of the randomized clinical study from Children’s Hospital, Boston ,it seems reasonable to consider a hematocrit of 25% to be the minimal acceptable hematocrit for any cardiopulmonary bypass condition. When the desired hematocrit has been selected the amount of bank blood that must be added to the prime should be calculated. Prime RBC vol = {[C3]x[Pt BV + PV]} {Pt RBC vol} Where Prime RBC vol = volume of blood required in prime C3 = desired HCT on bypass Pt BV = patient’s blood volume ( patients body weight X blood volume factor) PV = total priming volume of the CPB circuit to be used Pt RBC vol = patient’s blood volume X patient’s pre bypass hematocrit For example: Patient’s weight = 5 Kg Pre bypass hematocrit (C1) = 40% Patients blood volume (Pt BV) = 5 X 85 = 425 ml (85 is blood volume factor for 5 Kg) PV (total priming volume of the CPB circuit to be used) = 600ml TVOn CPB = (600 + 425) = 1025ml Calculated hemodilutional HCT (%) (C2) = C1 X Pt BV / TVon CPB = 40 X 425 / 1025 = 16.5 % 16.5 is the hematocrit on bypass. If there is a certain desired hematocrit, then to achieve that hematocrit, the amount packed RBCs if needed for the same patient can be calculated as follows: C3 (desired HCT) = 30 % Pt BV = 425 ml PV = 600 ml TV On CPB = (Pt BV + PV) = (425 + 600) = 1025 ml Pt RBC vol = 425 X 0.40 = 170 Prime RBC vol = {[C3]X [Pt BV + PV]}-{Pt RBC vol} = {[0.30] X [1025]}-{170} = 137.5 Volume of RBCs needed in prime = 137.5 The hematocrit of packed RBCs is 70% thus 137.5/0.70 = 196 ml 196 ml of packed RBCs are needed to achieve a hematocrit of 30%. Thus, 196 ml of the clear prime fluid is removed from the priming volume to account for the added packed RBCs. Therefore the calculation of priming volume now has 196 ml of packed RBCs and 404 ml of prime (crystalloid or colloid). In some cyanotic cases where the patient’s pre bypass hematocrit is more, the blood is diluted to obtain an optimal hematocrit during cardiopulmonary bypass in order to decrease the viscosity of the blood to improve tissue perfusion and to prevent hemolysis. Thus the effect of priming fluid added to dilute the blood can also be calculated as: TVon CPB X C4 = TVon CPB 1 X C5 WHERE TVon CPB = total volume on CPB (total priming volume + patient’s total blood volume) = 1025ml C4 = Hematocrit (of cyanotic patient) on bypass = 0.60 TVon CPB1 = total volume on CPB after adding 500 ml of priming fluid to the CPB circuit. TVon CPB1 = (1025 + 500) = 1525 ml C5 = the new (affected) Hematocrit Thus C5 = (1025 X 0.60) / 1525 = 0.40 40 % is the new hematocrit achieved after adding 500 ml of priming fluid. FIBRINOGEN A critical consideration is plasma fibrinogen dilution. Normal plasma fibrinogen levels are 150-400 mg./dL. The infant/ pediatric patients relative low blood volume with priming requirements of the ECC circuit causes the fibrinogen concentration to be adversely diluted. During CPB, it is desirable to maintain the plasma fibrinogen concentration above 100 mg./dL. in order to prevent impairment of post-CPB hemostasis. Given an example of a 5 Kilogram patient with blood volume of (5 x 85) 425 ml, pre bypass hematocrit of 55%, hematocrit on CPB of 25%, priming volume of 800ml of the circuit to be used for CPB and fibrinogen level of 275 mg/dl. To calculate the effect of priming, patient’s plasma volume is calculated by following formula: BV = PV/ (1-HCT) PV = (1-HCT) X BV Thus PV = (1-0.55) X 425 = 191ml PV = 191ml Patient’s fibrinogen = 191 X 275 mg/100ml = 525 mg Number of milligrams required = (425 + 800 ) X (1.00-0.25) = 9.19 dl If the goal is 100mg/dl, then 919 mg of fibrinogen are needed. Amount of fibrinogen to be added = 919 – 525 = 394mg. 394 mg of fibrinogen must be added to the prime to achieve a goal of 100 mg per dl. FFP usually contains 200 mg of fibrinogen per dl. Thus ml of FPP needed = (394/200) X 100 = 197 ml. Now for the calculation of priming volume the 197ml of the prime fluid (crystalloid or colloid) is replaced by FPP. Thus the clear prime volume becomes 603ml. Suggested reading Jianfeng Wang, Eiji Hihara. A unified formula for calculating body surface area of humans and animal. Eur j Appl Physiol.2004;92:13-17 Dill DB, Costill DL. Calculation of percentage changes in volumes of blood, plasma, and red cells in dehydration. J. Appl. Physiol. 1974; 37(2):247-248. Tarazi RC .Pulmonary blood volume. Eur Heart J.1985Oct;6SupplC:43 Tarazi RC . Blood volume.. Eur Heart J.1985;6SupplC:41-42

Career as an Electronic Publishing Specialist Essay -- electronic books

Since the early 2000’s, there has been a strong drive toward electronic publishing, with digital versions of books, periodicals, bibliographic databases and other information in digital formats, out selling and outperforming their analog counterparts, based on research performed by Milena Milanova of Sofia University. The expiring business model publishers use, which is based on manufacturing processes, sales channel, and business practices, is rapidly changing due to the introduction of the digital revolution. This revolution has created new media technologies that make it easier to access previously printed material,now assessed electronically. The driving force behind this revolution, is the increase in use by consumers of medium used to access this information, such as e-readers, tablets, computers, cell phones, and cloud computing. With the increase use of electronic publications, there is an increased need for electronic publication specialists to create these publicat ions, this is a new and evolving career comes with new job responsibilities, qualifications and earning potential. Electronic publishing specialists work with a diverse group of professionals including printing specialists, analysts, graphic designers, web developers, multimedia specialists, computing support specialists, and photographers. However the electronic publishing specialists are ultimately responsible for working with this group to manage the conversion of content, perform quality assurance checks, code new copy, and manipulate the code required to create digital publications. Additionally, they are responsible for scheduling and tracking digital publications, following and maintaining workflow and process documentation, and archiving projects.... ...related to electronic publishing, this is just the one of the first created, however as the need grows so will the positions and departments.  Works Cited Cental Intelligence Agency. â€Å"Electronic Publishing Specialist† CIA.gov. CIA.gov 27 April. 2007. Web. 27 February 2014. MyMajors.com. â€Å"Electronic Publishing Specialist† Mymajors.com. Mymajors.com 5 May. 2011. Web. 8 March 2014. Bureau of Labor Statistics. â€Å"Desktop Publishers† Bls.gov. Bls.gov/ooh. 8 Jan. 2014. Web. 7 March 2014. Milena Milanova. â€Å"E-Publishing and its History and its Latest Developments† Lis.uw.edu. Lis.uw.edu.pl. 28 Jul. 2012. Web. 16 February 2014. Tallahassee Community College. â€Å"Desktop Publishers† Tcc.fl.edu. Tcc.fl.edu. 12 Jan. 2011. Web. 7 March 2014. CACI International. â€Å"Electronic Publishing Specialist - Developmental Job† C. Caci.jobs. Caci.jobs 11 Mar. 2014. Web. 14 March 2014.

Directing Television Programs :: Media Entertainment Essays

Directing Television Programs Directing Television programs requires hardwork and dedication and this involves taking some risks about your life too because as a television director you have to work with different people of different characters and when people are on stage performing they have to work according to your directions. People become tense on stage and they sometimes become frustrated easily by being asked to repeat the same thing so many times and some end up losing temper and they can sometime injure the director both emotionally and physically. There is never free time for television directors, instead of paying more attention to the family needs they devote so much time to their work because of the artistic ideology they posses, wherever they are they should be thinking about how they will direct in the next project and what new things to add on that particular program to put a new look hence giving inadequate attention to their partners/family. â€Å"Rafkin recounts how his directing of temperame ntal actors, as he confronted their frustrations and dodged their blows, made life on TV set a world unto itself. Indeed, having a good sense of humor helped him survive three divorces and as many open-heart surgeries ( Alan Rafkin, Tales from TV's Most Prolific Sitcom Director). † Directors hardly find time to rest since some of them work from morning until sunset and they can have problems with their health. According to Joe Michael from early morning news and talk shows, â€Å" Directors of network morning news programs have one of the toughest jobs. They are responsible for directing ten hours of live programming per week, fifty-two weeks a year. It is a formidable challenge, not only because of the sheer quantity of material, but also because of its variety. The 7-9 a.m. morning programs are a grab bag of formats, combining news, interviews, cooking and lifestyle segments, live remotes, and musical performance (Brian Rose 1). In an interview between Larry Auerbach and David Pressman from the Daytime Dramas, they said. â€Å"Directors of soap operas are hard working directors in the entertainment industry. Unlike their counterparts in film and theatre, their activities are not limited to one or two projects a year, with lots of long planning and down time in between. Even the directors of prime time television, who they most closely resemble, still lead a life of comparative ease, with a schedule measured by, at most, a little more than a dozen hours of actual on-air production per season, mixed with repeats and months off a summer vacation. Directing Television Programs :: Media Entertainment Essays Directing Television Programs Directing Television programs requires hardwork and dedication and this involves taking some risks about your life too because as a television director you have to work with different people of different characters and when people are on stage performing they have to work according to your directions. People become tense on stage and they sometimes become frustrated easily by being asked to repeat the same thing so many times and some end up losing temper and they can sometime injure the director both emotionally and physically. There is never free time for television directors, instead of paying more attention to the family needs they devote so much time to their work because of the artistic ideology they posses, wherever they are they should be thinking about how they will direct in the next project and what new things to add on that particular program to put a new look hence giving inadequate attention to their partners/family. â€Å"Rafkin recounts how his directing of temperame ntal actors, as he confronted their frustrations and dodged their blows, made life on TV set a world unto itself. Indeed, having a good sense of humor helped him survive three divorces and as many open-heart surgeries ( Alan Rafkin, Tales from TV's Most Prolific Sitcom Director). † Directors hardly find time to rest since some of them work from morning until sunset and they can have problems with their health. According to Joe Michael from early morning news and talk shows, â€Å" Directors of network morning news programs have one of the toughest jobs. They are responsible for directing ten hours of live programming per week, fifty-two weeks a year. It is a formidable challenge, not only because of the sheer quantity of material, but also because of its variety. The 7-9 a.m. morning programs are a grab bag of formats, combining news, interviews, cooking and lifestyle segments, live remotes, and musical performance (Brian Rose 1). In an interview between Larry Auerbach and David Pressman from the Daytime Dramas, they said. â€Å"Directors of soap operas are hard working directors in the entertainment industry. Unlike their counterparts in film and theatre, their activities are not limited to one or two projects a year, with lots of long planning and down time in between. Even the directors of prime time television, who they most closely resemble, still lead a life of comparative ease, with a schedule measured by, at most, a little more than a dozen hours of actual on-air production per season, mixed with repeats and months off a summer vacation.

Routine Communication

What kinds of tasks fall into each quadrant? Therefore, what kinds of communications norms do we need? routine/autonomous To the extent team members are working autonomously on tasks which remain static, there is little need for a lot of cross-team communications. Communications should be: Minimalist. Local. Compliance oriented where necessary. Automated whenever possible. The danger for virtual teams is that the â€Å"disconnected† feeling of a distributed team sometimes leads to over-reporting as a strategy to give people the feeling of â€Å"knowing what's going on. Sometime team members generate a lot of reporting in order to make sure the team leader â€Å"knows† that they are working. This kind of communication creates sludge in the team's arteries. It is a common cause of information overload which can sometimes result in team members avoiding engaging in the communications which actually are important to the team. The team needs to agree on a strategy to defend itself against communication sludge! Be on the lookout for what can be eliminated. 2 of 5routine/interdependent. Team members need to provide enough information to each other about areas where their routine work is interdependent to enable them to coordinate. Communications should be: Standardized. Organized. Easy. â€Å"Pull† v. â€Å"Push† (You go get what you need when you need it rather than having it pushed at you automatically). The danger for virtual teams is that because we have technology which allows us to exchange and store large amounts of information, we do it because we can without really addressing whether doing it adds value. The team needs to agree on a strategy to manage and coordinate this communication. Choose a few, processes for exchanging critical information and make a commitment to sticking to agreements about when and what will be produced by each member of the team. emerging/autonomous When individuals (or sub groups) on the team notice changes emerging in the work they have been doing, it's critical to make this â€Å"intelligence† available to the team as a whole. Communications should be: Timely (it can't wait for the next face-to-face meeting). â€Å"Push† v. â€Å"Pull† (to make sure that nobody misses a key indicator). The danger for distributed teams is that a weak communications strategy results in missing signals where something new happening in one place is a bell weather for something that will sooner or later have an effect on other parts of the system. A team that doesn't share this kind of intelligence is less than the sum of its parts. The team needs a strategy for scanning, scouting the environment within which they are operating, noticing pattern changes to make sure that important things get up on the team's radar screen soon enough when something which has been static starts changing. But it's not enough to simply report the information, it's critical that the whole team have an opportunity to discuss its meaning.

People Who Are Making a Difference in the World

PEOPLE WHO ARE MAKING A DIFFERENCE IN THE WORLD Thurday 12/03/09 1. I’m Bob Doughty. 2. And I’m Barbara Klein with EXPLORATIONS in VOA Special English. Today we tell about five individuals around the world who are making a difference. They are making the world a better place by helping people in special ways. 1. Our first individual who is making a difference is a refugee from Burma. Thousands of people flee Burma each year to escape poverty, oppression and civil war. Many of them choose to stay in Thailand. Cynthia Maung is a Burmese doctor who operates a small public health center near the Thai border with Burma.She is making a difference in her community by providing services that are not available to most people in this area. 2. Many people are waiting at the public health center. Mothers and their children wait in line to get vaccines to protect them against diseases. In another line, parents with newborn babies wait for documents that show their babies were born i n Thailand. The documents take the place of birth certificates. Thai officials do not recognize these people because they are refugees. But Doctor Cynthia Maung does. 1.Doctor Cynthia, as she is called, fled Burma in nineteen eighty-eight after a military campaign against people who demonstrated for democracy and justice. She says she joined with the demonstrators. She says people started disappearing or fleeing to the border when Burma’s military seized power. She decided to settle near the border to work for political change. 2. In a small building, Cynthia Maung started performing operations and helping women give birth. She cleaned her instruments in a rice cooker. She also trained young volunteer health workers.Today, those workers treat people for landmine injuries and many diseases. Her health care center receives donations of money from non-governmental organizations and foreign governments, including the United States. 1. Doctor Cynthia makes a little money go a long way. Each year, one hundred fifty thousand people come for treatment. Those who can, pay less than one dollar. 2. Doctor Cynthia lives next to the health center. She says the workers there do not only treat diseases. They also educate young people who go back and support health activities in their communities.For example, the center trains volunteer health workers who go back to work in the ethnic Karen and other areas of Burma. Some of the volunteers are former patients who are now helping others. Doctor Cynthia says young people should be taught not to feel like victims. Instead, she says, they should see themselves as people who can change and improve their situation. 1. Theary Seng is a human rights activist working to heal her country, Cambodia. As a child, she lived through the rule of the Khmer Rouge during the nineteen seventies.During four years in power, the Khmer Rouge was responsible for the deaths of at least one million, five hundred thousand Cambodians. Theary Sengâ €™s parents were among those killed. After the fall of the Khmer Rouge, she escaped to Thailand and then went to the United States. She attended law school and became a lawyer. 1. Now, Theary Seng is back in Cambodia, supporting human rights as the head of the Center for Social Development. She is a critic of corruption and abuse wherever it exists — in Cambodia and around the world.At a recent demonstration in Phnom Penh, she attempted to leave flowers to honor those killed in the civil war in the Darfur area of Sudan. But Cambodian government officials prevented her from doing so. 2. Theary Seng takes a special interest in the Khmer Rouge Tribunal. The court is starting to take legal action against former Khmer Rouge leaders for their crimes. She serves as an official representative for the victims. 1. She also has a television show. It seeks to find the country’s next generation of young leaders.Theary Seng says her work is not to do anything big but to be a com mon citizen in her homeland where she suffered in the past. THEARY SENG: â€Å"And now, I’m taking that suffering, and shaping it into hope, and trying to work with individuals who had not the time and space to heal that I’ve had. † 1. William Saydee is making a difference in his country, Liberia. In Monrovia, the capital, the sound of typing mixes with the sound of cars in the street. Mister Saydee is a clergyman and former accountant. (SOUND) He now works as a typist and teacher. He is teaching unemployed Liberians how to type.The students do not pay him anything. One of the students is Isaiah Thomas. He says he is learning to type because he wants to work for an international company. 2. William Saydee says he wants to help young people gain a skill to succeed. He says it is the best he can do to help Liberia re-build after years of civil war. Mister Saydee earns money by typing contracts and other documents, like resumes. A resume is a list of a personâ€⠄¢s education and work experience. It can be useful when a person is looking for a job. (MUSIC) 1. Comic book artist Robert Walker is making a difference in New York City.He uses his art to help people understand the disease AIDS. Many children and even adults in the United States enjoy reading comic books. Superheroes in comic books have unusual abilities. They use their abilities to help people and save the world. Like most superheroes, Mister Walker’s characters have special powers. For example, one superhero can see in the dark. One can lift more than three hundred tons. Another can come back from the dead. Also, like most superheroes, his characters have to deal with trouble. These superheroes all have H. I. V. , the virus that causes AIDS.Mister Walker says some members of his family died of AIDS when he was a child. That gave him the idea to create a comic book called â€Å"O Men. † It includes nine characters living with H. I. V. The characters are men and wome n who represent different races and socio-economic groups. They also were infected with the virus in different ways. Mister Walker says he wanted to fight depressing images connected with the disease. ROBERT WALKER: â€Å"It’s not a black disease. It’s not a white disease. It’s not a gay disease. It’s a disease of humanity that lacks awareness. † 1.Gerry Gladston is the co-owner of Midtown Comics in New York City. He says many comic books have important political, social and educational messages. Mister Walker spoke to many H. I. V. and AIDS organizations in researching his comic book. He says he wanted to make the stories realistic as well as factual. 2. Yohannes Gebregiorgis is an Ethiopian-American who returned to the land of his birth to make a difference. Yohannes, as he is known, became an American citizen many years ago. But he gave up his life as a children’s librarian in San Francisco, California.Yohannes says he was concerned that Ethiopian children had no books. He said most schools in Ethiopia do not have libraries. There are almost no children’s books in any of Ethiopia’s many languages. So Yohannes started the Donkey Mobile Library to provide children with their first books. His group brings books to children who have none. YOHANNES GEBREGIORGIS: â€Å"Most kids we have noticed holding a book upside down. We have taken pictures of those kids. But later on we find out that those kids learn how to use the book, how to flip the pages and to look at the pictures and then gradually to read the stories in the book. 1. More donkey mobile libraries are planned, with money from groups in the United States. Donated English-language books have begun arriving in Ethiopia. Also, Yohannes has established a publishing company to produce books in languages that local children can read. His first book was published in three languages. It is a re-telling of an old folk story about, what do you think? A boy a nd his favorite animal — a donkey! 2. In the beginning, children came to the mobile library mainly because of the donkeys. But Yohannes discovered that what really excited the children was the books.He dreams about taking his donkey mobile libraries to more Ethiopian towns and villages. After all, there are millions of other children who want to learn to read. 1. This program was written by VOA correspondents and adapted by Shelley Gollust. Our producer was Mario Ritter. I’m Bob Doughty. 2. And I’m Barbara Klein. You can download audio and read scripts on our Web site, voaspecialenglish. com. Join us again next week for EXPLORATIONS in VOA Special English. http://blog. 360. yahoo. com/blog-Z3b93Sw5dKiGLDSLftiVYk1BXzLWCwAr3Q–;_ylt=AkizEO6ZhqbgHK3F3A9hoyK0AOJ3? cq=1